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author | Zack Weinberg <zackw@panix.com> | 2017-06-08 15:39:03 -0400 |
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committer | Zack Weinberg <zackw@panix.com> | 2017-06-08 15:39:03 -0400 |
commit | 5046dbb4a7eba5eccfd258f92f4735c9ffc8d069 (patch) | |
tree | 4470480d904b65cf14ca524f96f79eca818c3eaf /REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi | |
parent | 199fc19d3aaaf57944ef036e15904febe877fc93 (diff) | |
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Prepare for radical source tree reorganization.zack/build-layout-experiment
All top-level files and directories are moved into a temporary storage
directory, REORG.TODO, except for files that will certainly still
exist in their current form at top level when we're done (COPYING,
COPYING.LIB, LICENSES, NEWS, README), all old ChangeLog files (which
are moved to the new directory OldChangeLogs, instead), and the
generated file INSTALL (which is just deleted; in the new order, there
will be no generated files checked into version control).
Diffstat (limited to 'REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi')
-rw-r--r-- | REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi | 3227 |
1 files changed, 3227 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi b/REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dec12a06ae --- /dev/null +++ b/REORG.TODO/manual/arith.texi @@ -0,0 +1,3227 @@ +@node Arithmetic, Date and Time, Mathematics, Top +@c %MENU% Low level arithmetic functions +@chapter Arithmetic Functions + +This chapter contains information about functions for doing basic +arithmetic operations, such as splitting a float into its integer and +fractional parts or retrieving the imaginary part of a complex value. +These functions are declared in the header files @file{math.h} and +@file{complex.h}. + +@menu +* Integers:: Basic integer types and concepts +* Integer Division:: Integer division with guaranteed rounding. +* Floating Point Numbers:: Basic concepts. IEEE 754. +* Floating Point Classes:: The five kinds of floating-point number. +* Floating Point Errors:: When something goes wrong in a calculation. +* Rounding:: Controlling how results are rounded. +* Control Functions:: Saving and restoring the FPU's state. +* Arithmetic Functions:: Fundamental operations provided by the library. +* Complex Numbers:: The types. Writing complex constants. +* Operations on Complex:: Projection, conjugation, decomposition. +* Parsing of Numbers:: Converting strings to numbers. +* Printing of Floats:: Converting floating-point numbers to strings. +* System V Number Conversion:: An archaic way to convert numbers to strings. +@end menu + +@node Integers +@section Integers +@cindex integer + +The C language defines several integer data types: integer, short integer, +long integer, and character, all in both signed and unsigned varieties. +The GNU C compiler extends the language to contain long long integers +as well. +@cindex signedness + +The C integer types were intended to allow code to be portable among +machines with different inherent data sizes (word sizes), so each type +may have different ranges on different machines. The problem with +this is that a program often needs to be written for a particular range +of integers, and sometimes must be written for a particular size of +storage, regardless of what machine the program runs on. + +To address this problem, @theglibc{} contains C type definitions +you can use to declare integers that meet your exact needs. Because the +@glibcadj{} header files are customized to a specific machine, your +program source code doesn't have to be. + +These @code{typedef}s are in @file{stdint.h}. +@pindex stdint.h + +If you require that an integer be represented in exactly N bits, use one +of the following types, with the obvious mapping to bit size and signedness: + +@itemize @bullet +@item int8_t +@item int16_t +@item int32_t +@item int64_t +@item uint8_t +@item uint16_t +@item uint32_t +@item uint64_t +@end itemize + +If your C compiler and target machine do not allow integers of a certain +size, the corresponding above type does not exist. + +If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the smallest data +structure with @emph{at least} N bits, use one of these: + +@itemize @bullet +@item int_least8_t +@item int_least16_t +@item int_least32_t +@item int_least64_t +@item uint_least8_t +@item uint_least16_t +@item uint_least32_t +@item uint_least64_t +@end itemize + +If you don't need a specific storage size, but want the data structure +that allows the fastest access while having at least N bits (and +among data structures with the same access speed, the smallest one), use +one of these: + +@itemize @bullet +@item int_fast8_t +@item int_fast16_t +@item int_fast32_t +@item int_fast64_t +@item uint_fast8_t +@item uint_fast16_t +@item uint_fast32_t +@item uint_fast64_t +@end itemize + +If you want an integer with the widest range possible on the platform on +which it is being used, use one of the following. If you use these, +you should write code that takes into account the variable size and range +of the integer. + +@itemize @bullet +@item intmax_t +@item uintmax_t +@end itemize + +@Theglibc{} also provides macros that tell you the maximum and +minimum possible values for each integer data type. The macro names +follow these examples: @code{INT32_MAX}, @code{UINT8_MAX}, +@code{INT_FAST32_MIN}, @code{INT_LEAST64_MIN}, @code{UINTMAX_MAX}, +@code{INTMAX_MAX}, @code{INTMAX_MIN}. Note that there are no macros for +unsigned integer minima. These are always zero. Similiarly, there +are macros such as @code{INTMAX_WIDTH} for the width of these types. +Those macros for integer type widths come from TS 18661-1:2014. +@cindex maximum possible integer +@cindex minimum possible integer + +There are similar macros for use with C's built in integer types which +should come with your C compiler. These are described in @ref{Data Type +Measurements}. + +Don't forget you can use the C @code{sizeof} function with any of these +data types to get the number of bytes of storage each uses. + + +@node Integer Division +@section Integer Division +@cindex integer division functions + +This section describes functions for performing integer division. These +functions are redundant when GNU CC is used, because in GNU C the +@samp{/} operator always rounds towards zero. But in other C +implementations, @samp{/} may round differently with negative arguments. +@code{div} and @code{ldiv} are useful because they specify how to round +the quotient: towards zero. The remainder has the same sign as the +numerator. + +These functions are specified to return a result @var{r} such that the value +@code{@var{r}.quot*@var{denominator} + @var{r}.rem} equals +@var{numerator}. + +@pindex stdlib.h +To use these facilities, you should include the header file +@file{stdlib.h} in your program. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftp {Data Type} div_t +This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the @code{div} +function. It has the following members: + +@table @code +@item int quot +The quotient from the division. + +@item int rem +The remainder from the division. +@end table +@end deftp + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun div_t div (int @var{numerator}, int @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@c Functions in this section are pure, and thus safe. +The function @code{div} computes the quotient and remainder from +the division of @var{numerator} by @var{denominator}, returning the +result in a structure of type @code{div_t}. + +If the result cannot be represented (as in a division by zero), the +behavior is undefined. + +Here is an example, albeit not a very useful one. + +@smallexample +div_t result; +result = div (20, -6); +@end smallexample + +@noindent +Now @code{result.quot} is @code{-3} and @code{result.rem} is @code{2}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftp {Data Type} ldiv_t +This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the @code{ldiv} +function. It has the following members: + +@table @code +@item long int quot +The quotient from the division. + +@item long int rem +The remainder from the division. +@end table + +(This is identical to @code{div_t} except that the components are of +type @code{long int} rather than @code{int}.) +@end deftp + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun ldiv_t ldiv (long int @var{numerator}, long int @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{ldiv} function is similar to @code{div}, except that the +arguments are of type @code{long int} and the result is returned as a +structure of type @code{ldiv_t}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftp {Data Type} lldiv_t +This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the @code{lldiv} +function. It has the following members: + +@table @code +@item long long int quot +The quotient from the division. + +@item long long int rem +The remainder from the division. +@end table + +(This is identical to @code{div_t} except that the components are of +type @code{long long int} rather than @code{int}.) +@end deftp + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun lldiv_t lldiv (long long int @var{numerator}, long long int @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{lldiv} function is like the @code{div} function, but the +arguments are of type @code{long long int} and the result is returned as +a structure of type @code{lldiv_t}. + +The @code{lldiv} function was added in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment inttypes.h +@comment ISO +@deftp {Data Type} imaxdiv_t +This is a structure type used to hold the result returned by the @code{imaxdiv} +function. It has the following members: + +@table @code +@item intmax_t quot +The quotient from the division. + +@item intmax_t rem +The remainder from the division. +@end table + +(This is identical to @code{div_t} except that the components are of +type @code{intmax_t} rather than @code{int}.) + +See @ref{Integers} for a description of the @code{intmax_t} type. + +@end deftp + +@comment inttypes.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun imaxdiv_t imaxdiv (intmax_t @var{numerator}, intmax_t @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{imaxdiv} function is like the @code{div} function, but the +arguments are of type @code{intmax_t} and the result is returned as +a structure of type @code{imaxdiv_t}. + +See @ref{Integers} for a description of the @code{intmax_t} type. + +The @code{imaxdiv} function was added in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + + +@node Floating Point Numbers +@section Floating Point Numbers +@cindex floating point +@cindex IEEE 754 +@cindex IEEE floating point + +Most computer hardware has support for two different kinds of numbers: +integers (@math{@dots{}-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3@dots{}}) and +floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers have three parts: the +@dfn{mantissa}, the @dfn{exponent}, and the @dfn{sign bit}. The real +number represented by a floating-point value is given by +@tex +$(s \mathrel? -1 \mathrel: 1) \cdot 2^e \cdot M$ +@end tex +@ifnottex +@math{(s ? -1 : 1) @mul{} 2^e @mul{} M} +@end ifnottex +where @math{s} is the sign bit, @math{e} the exponent, and @math{M} +the mantissa. @xref{Floating Point Concepts}, for details. (It is +possible to have a different @dfn{base} for the exponent, but all modern +hardware uses @math{2}.) + +Floating-point numbers can represent a finite subset of the real +numbers. While this subset is large enough for most purposes, it is +important to remember that the only reals that can be represented +exactly are rational numbers that have a terminating binary expansion +shorter than the width of the mantissa. Even simple fractions such as +@math{1/5} can only be approximated by floating point. + +Mathematical operations and functions frequently need to produce values +that are not representable. Often these values can be approximated +closely enough for practical purposes, but sometimes they can't. +Historically there was no way to tell when the results of a calculation +were inaccurate. Modern computers implement the @w{IEEE 754} standard +for numerical computations, which defines a framework for indicating to +the program when the results of calculation are not trustworthy. This +framework consists of a set of @dfn{exceptions} that indicate why a +result could not be represented, and the special values @dfn{infinity} +and @dfn{not a number} (NaN). + +@node Floating Point Classes +@section Floating-Point Number Classification Functions +@cindex floating-point classes +@cindex classes, floating-point +@pindex math.h + +@w{ISO C99} defines macros that let you determine what sort of +floating-point number a variable holds. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int fpclassify (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This is a generic macro which works on all floating-point types and +which returns a value of type @code{int}. The possible values are: + +@vtable @code +@item FP_NAN +The floating-point number @var{x} is ``Not a Number'' (@pxref{Infinity +and NaN}) +@item FP_INFINITE +The value of @var{x} is either plus or minus infinity (@pxref{Infinity +and NaN}) +@item FP_ZERO +The value of @var{x} is zero. In floating-point formats like @w{IEEE +754}, where zero can be signed, this value is also returned if +@var{x} is negative zero. +@item FP_SUBNORMAL +Numbers whose absolute value is too small to be represented in the +normal format are represented in an alternate, @dfn{denormalized} format +(@pxref{Floating Point Concepts}). This format is less precise but can +represent values closer to zero. @code{fpclassify} returns this value +for values of @var{x} in this alternate format. +@item FP_NORMAL +This value is returned for all other values of @var{x}. It indicates +that there is nothing special about the number. +@end vtable + +@end deftypefn + +@code{fpclassify} is most useful if more than one property of a number +must be tested. There are more specific macros which only test one +property at a time. Generally these macros execute faster than +@code{fpclassify}, since there is special hardware support for them. +You should therefore use the specific macros whenever possible. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int iscanonical (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +In some floating-point formats, some values have canonical (preferred) +and noncanonical encodings (for IEEE interchange binary formats, all +encodings are canonical). This macro returns a nonzero value if +@var{x} has a canonical encoding. It is from TS 18661-1:2014. + +Note that some formats have multiple encodings of a value which are +all equally canonical; @code{iscanonical} returns a nonzero value for +all such encodings. Also, formats may have encodings that do not +correspond to any valid value of the type. In ISO C terms these are +@dfn{trap representations}; in @theglibc{}, @code{iscanonical} returns +zero for such encodings. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int isfinite (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is finite: not plus or +minus infinity, and not NaN. It is equivalent to + +@smallexample +(fpclassify (x) != FP_NAN && fpclassify (x) != FP_INFINITE) +@end smallexample + +@code{isfinite} is implemented as a macro which accepts any +floating-point type. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int isnormal (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is finite and normalized. +It is equivalent to + +@smallexample +(fpclassify (x) == FP_NORMAL) +@end smallexample +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int isnan (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is NaN. It is equivalent +to + +@smallexample +(fpclassify (x) == FP_NAN) +@end smallexample +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int issignaling (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is a signaling NaN +(sNaN). It is from TS 18661-1:2014. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int issubnormal (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is subnormal. It is +from TS 18661-1:2014. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn {Macro} int iszero (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is zero. It is from TS +18661-1:2014. +@end deftypefn + +Another set of floating-point classification functions was provided by +BSD. @Theglibc{} also supports these functions; however, we +recommend that you use the ISO C99 macros in new code. Those are standard +and will be available more widely. Also, since they are macros, you do +not have to worry about the type of their argument. + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun int isinf (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int isinff (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int isinfl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function returns @code{-1} if @var{x} represents negative infinity, +@code{1} if @var{x} represents positive infinity, and @code{0} otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun int isnan (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int isnanf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int isnanl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is a ``not a number'' +value, and zero otherwise. + +@strong{NB:} The @code{isnan} macro defined by @w{ISO C99} overrides +the BSD function. This is normally not a problem, because the two +routines behave identically. However, if you really need to get the BSD +function for some reason, you can write + +@smallexample +(isnan) (x) +@end smallexample +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun int finite (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int finitef (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx int finitel (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function returns a nonzero value if @var{x} is finite or a ``not a +number'' value, and zero otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@strong{Portability Note:} The functions listed in this section are BSD +extensions. + + +@node Floating Point Errors +@section Errors in Floating-Point Calculations + +@menu +* FP Exceptions:: IEEE 754 math exceptions and how to detect them. +* Infinity and NaN:: Special values returned by calculations. +* Status bit operations:: Checking for exceptions after the fact. +* Math Error Reporting:: How the math functions report errors. +@end menu + +@node FP Exceptions +@subsection FP Exceptions +@cindex exception +@cindex signal +@cindex zero divide +@cindex division by zero +@cindex inexact exception +@cindex invalid exception +@cindex overflow exception +@cindex underflow exception + +The @w{IEEE 754} standard defines five @dfn{exceptions} that can occur +during a calculation. Each corresponds to a particular sort of error, +such as overflow. + +When exceptions occur (when exceptions are @dfn{raised}, in the language +of the standard), one of two things can happen. By default the +exception is simply noted in the floating-point @dfn{status word}, and +the program continues as if nothing had happened. The operation +produces a default value, which depends on the exception (see the table +below). Your program can check the status word to find out which +exceptions happened. + +Alternatively, you can enable @dfn{traps} for exceptions. In that case, +when an exception is raised, your program will receive the @code{SIGFPE} +signal. The default action for this signal is to terminate the +program. @xref{Signal Handling}, for how you can change the effect of +the signal. + +@findex matherr +In the System V math library, the user-defined function @code{matherr} +is called when certain exceptions occur inside math library functions. +However, the Unix98 standard deprecates this interface. We support it +for historical compatibility, but recommend that you do not use it in +new programs. When this interface is used, exceptions may not be +raised. + +@noindent +The exceptions defined in @w{IEEE 754} are: + +@table @samp +@item Invalid Operation +This exception is raised if the given operands are invalid for the +operation to be performed. Examples are +(see @w{IEEE 754}, @w{section 7}): +@enumerate +@item +Addition or subtraction: @math{@infinity{} - @infinity{}}. (But +@math{@infinity{} + @infinity{} = @infinity{}}). +@item +Multiplication: @math{0 @mul{} @infinity{}}. +@item +Division: @math{0/0} or @math{@infinity{}/@infinity{}}. +@item +Remainder: @math{x} REM @math{y}, where @math{y} is zero or @math{x} is +infinite. +@item +Square root if the operand is less than zero. More generally, any +mathematical function evaluated outside its domain produces this +exception. +@item +Conversion of a floating-point number to an integer or decimal +string, when the number cannot be represented in the target format (due +to overflow, infinity, or NaN). +@item +Conversion of an unrecognizable input string. +@item +Comparison via predicates involving @math{<} or @math{>}, when one or +other of the operands is NaN. You can prevent this exception by using +the unordered comparison functions instead; see @ref{FP Comparison Functions}. +@end enumerate + +If the exception does not trap, the result of the operation is NaN. + +@item Division by Zero +This exception is raised when a finite nonzero number is divided +by zero. If no trap occurs the result is either @math{+@infinity{}} or +@math{-@infinity{}}, depending on the signs of the operands. + +@item Overflow +This exception is raised whenever the result cannot be represented +as a finite value in the precision format of the destination. If no trap +occurs the result depends on the sign of the intermediate result and the +current rounding mode (@w{IEEE 754}, @w{section 7.3}): +@enumerate +@item +Round to nearest carries all overflows to @math{@infinity{}} +with the sign of the intermediate result. +@item +Round toward @math{0} carries all overflows to the largest representable +finite number with the sign of the intermediate result. +@item +Round toward @math{-@infinity{}} carries positive overflows to the +largest representable finite number and negative overflows to +@math{-@infinity{}}. + +@item +Round toward @math{@infinity{}} carries negative overflows to the +most negative representable finite number and positive overflows +to @math{@infinity{}}. +@end enumerate + +Whenever the overflow exception is raised, the inexact exception is also +raised. + +@item Underflow +The underflow exception is raised when an intermediate result is too +small to be calculated accurately, or if the operation's result rounded +to the destination precision is too small to be normalized. + +When no trap is installed for the underflow exception, underflow is +signaled (via the underflow flag) only when both tininess and loss of +accuracy have been detected. If no trap handler is installed the +operation continues with an imprecise small value, or zero if the +destination precision cannot hold the small exact result. + +@item Inexact +This exception is signalled if a rounded result is not exact (such as +when calculating the square root of two) or a result overflows without +an overflow trap. +@end table + +@node Infinity and NaN +@subsection Infinity and NaN +@cindex infinity +@cindex not a number +@cindex NaN + +@w{IEEE 754} floating point numbers can represent positive or negative +infinity, and @dfn{NaN} (not a number). These three values arise from +calculations whose result is undefined or cannot be represented +accurately. You can also deliberately set a floating-point variable to +any of them, which is sometimes useful. Some examples of calculations +that produce infinity or NaN: + +@ifnottex +@smallexample +@math{1/0 = @infinity{}} +@math{log (0) = -@infinity{}} +@math{sqrt (-1) = NaN} +@end smallexample +@end ifnottex +@tex +$${1\over0} = \infty$$ +$$\log 0 = -\infty$$ +$$\sqrt{-1} = \hbox{NaN}$$ +@end tex + +When a calculation produces any of these values, an exception also +occurs; see @ref{FP Exceptions}. + +The basic operations and math functions all accept infinity and NaN and +produce sensible output. Infinities propagate through calculations as +one would expect: for example, @math{2 + @infinity{} = @infinity{}}, +@math{4/@infinity{} = 0}, atan @math{(@infinity{}) = @pi{}/2}. NaN, on +the other hand, infects any calculation that involves it. Unless the +calculation would produce the same result no matter what real value +replaced NaN, the result is NaN. + +In comparison operations, positive infinity is larger than all values +except itself and NaN, and negative infinity is smaller than all values +except itself and NaN. NaN is @dfn{unordered}: it is not equal to, +greater than, or less than anything, @emph{including itself}. @code{x == +x} is false if the value of @code{x} is NaN. You can use this to test +whether a value is NaN or not, but the recommended way to test for NaN +is with the @code{isnan} function (@pxref{Floating Point Classes}). In +addition, @code{<}, @code{>}, @code{<=}, and @code{>=} will raise an +exception when applied to NaNs. + +@file{math.h} defines macros that allow you to explicitly set a variable +to infinity or NaN. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevr Macro float INFINITY +An expression representing positive infinity. It is equal to the value +produced by mathematical operations like @code{1.0 / 0.0}. +@code{-INFINITY} represents negative infinity. + +You can test whether a floating-point value is infinite by comparing it +to this macro. However, this is not recommended; you should use the +@code{isfinite} macro instead. @xref{Floating Point Classes}. + +This macro was introduced in the @w{ISO C99} standard. +@end deftypevr + +@comment math.h +@comment GNU +@deftypevr Macro float NAN +An expression representing a value which is ``not a number''. This +macro is a GNU extension, available only on machines that support the +``not a number'' value---that is to say, on all machines that support +IEEE floating point. + +You can use @samp{#ifdef NAN} to test whether the machine supports +NaN. (Of course, you must arrange for GNU extensions to be visible, +such as by defining @code{_GNU_SOURCE}, and then you must include +@file{math.h}.) +@end deftypevr + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevr Macro float SNANF +@deftypevrx Macro double SNAN +@deftypevrx Macro {long double} SNANL +These macros, defined by TS 18661-1:2014, are constant expressions for +signaling NaNs. +@end deftypevr + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevr Macro int FE_SNANS_ALWAYS_SIGNAL +This macro, defined by TS 18661-1:2014, is defined to @code{1} in +@file{fenv.h} to indicate that functions and operations with signaling +NaN inputs and floating-point results always raise the invalid +exception and return a quiet NaN, even in cases (such as @code{fmax}, +@code{hypot} and @code{pow}) where a quiet NaN input can produce a +non-NaN result. Because some compiler optimizations may not handle +signaling NaNs correctly, this macro is only defined if compiler +support for signaling NaNs is enabled. That support can be enabled +with the GCC option @option{-fsignaling-nans}. +@end deftypevr + +@w{IEEE 754} also allows for another unusual value: negative zero. This +value is produced when you divide a positive number by negative +infinity, or when a negative result is smaller than the limits of +representation. + +@node Status bit operations +@subsection Examining the FPU status word + +@w{ISO C99} defines functions to query and manipulate the +floating-point status word. You can use these functions to check for +untrapped exceptions when it's convenient, rather than worrying about +them in the middle of a calculation. + +These constants represent the various @w{IEEE 754} exceptions. Not all +FPUs report all the different exceptions. Each constant is defined if +and only if the FPU you are compiling for supports that exception, so +you can test for FPU support with @samp{#ifdef}. They are defined in +@file{fenv.h}. + +@vtable @code +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_INEXACT + The inexact exception. +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_DIVBYZERO + The divide by zero exception. +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_UNDERFLOW + The underflow exception. +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_OVERFLOW + The overflow exception. +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_INVALID + The invalid exception. +@end vtable + +The macro @code{FE_ALL_EXCEPT} is the bitwise OR of all exception macros +which are supported by the FP implementation. + +These functions allow you to clear exception flags, test for exceptions, +and save and restore the set of exceptions flagged. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int feclearexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{@assposix{}}@acsafe{@acsposix{}}} +@c The other functions in this section that modify FP status register +@c mostly do so with non-atomic load-modify-store sequences, but since +@c the register is thread-specific, this should be fine, and safe for +@c cancellation. As long as the FP environment is restored before the +@c signal handler returns control to the interrupted thread (like any +@c kernel should do), the functions are also safe for use in signal +@c handlers. +This function clears all of the supported exception flags indicated by +@var{excepts}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int feraiseexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function raises the supported exceptions indicated by +@var{excepts}. If more than one exception bit in @var{excepts} is set +the order in which the exceptions are raised is undefined except that +overflow (@code{FE_OVERFLOW}) or underflow (@code{FE_UNDERFLOW}) are +raised before inexact (@code{FE_INEXACT}). Whether for overflow or +underflow the inexact exception is also raised is also implementation +dependent. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fesetexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function sets the supported exception flags indicated by +@var{excepts}, like @code{feraiseexcept}, but without causing enabled +traps to be taken. @code{fesetexcept} is from TS 18661-1:2014. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fetestexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Test whether the exception flags indicated by the parameter @var{except} +are currently set. If any of them are, a nonzero value is returned +which specifies which exceptions are set. Otherwise the result is zero. +@end deftypefun + +To understand these functions, imagine that the status word is an +integer variable named @var{status}. @code{feclearexcept} is then +equivalent to @samp{status &= ~excepts} and @code{fetestexcept} is +equivalent to @samp{(status & excepts)}. The actual implementation may +be very different, of course. + +Exception flags are only cleared when the program explicitly requests it, +by calling @code{feclearexcept}. If you want to check for exceptions +from a set of calculations, you should clear all the flags first. Here +is a simple example of the way to use @code{fetestexcept}: + +@smallexample +@{ + double f; + int raised; + feclearexcept (FE_ALL_EXCEPT); + f = compute (); + raised = fetestexcept (FE_OVERFLOW | FE_INVALID); + if (raised & FE_OVERFLOW) @{ /* @dots{} */ @} + if (raised & FE_INVALID) @{ /* @dots{} */ @} + /* @dots{} */ +@} +@end smallexample + +You cannot explicitly set bits in the status word. You can, however, +save the entire status word and restore it later. This is done with the +following functions: + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fegetexceptflag (fexcept_t *@var{flagp}, int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function stores in the variable pointed to by @var{flagp} an +implementation-defined value representing the current setting of the +exception flags indicated by @var{excepts}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fesetexceptflag (const fexcept_t *@var{flagp}, int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function restores the flags for the exceptions indicated by +@var{excepts} to the values stored in the variable pointed to by +@var{flagp}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +Note that the value stored in @code{fexcept_t} bears no resemblance to +the bit mask returned by @code{fetestexcept}. The type may not even be +an integer. Do not attempt to modify an @code{fexcept_t} variable. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fetestexceptflag (const fexcept_t *@var{flagp}, int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Test whether the exception flags indicated by the parameter +@var{excepts} are set in the variable pointed to by @var{flagp}. If +any of them are, a nonzero value is returned which specifies which +exceptions are set. Otherwise the result is zero. +@code{fetestexceptflag} is from TS 18661-1:2014. +@end deftypefun + +@node Math Error Reporting +@subsection Error Reporting by Mathematical Functions +@cindex errors, mathematical +@cindex domain error +@cindex range error + +Many of the math functions are defined only over a subset of the real or +complex numbers. Even if they are mathematically defined, their result +may be larger or smaller than the range representable by their return +type without loss of accuracy. These are known as @dfn{domain errors}, +@dfn{overflows}, and +@dfn{underflows}, respectively. Math functions do several things when +one of these errors occurs. In this manual we will refer to the +complete response as @dfn{signalling} a domain error, overflow, or +underflow. + +When a math function suffers a domain error, it raises the invalid +exception and returns NaN. It also sets @var{errno} to @code{EDOM}; +this is for compatibility with old systems that do not support @w{IEEE +754} exception handling. Likewise, when overflow occurs, math +functions raise the overflow exception and, in the default rounding +mode, return @math{@infinity{}} or @math{-@infinity{}} as appropriate +(in other rounding modes, the largest finite value of the appropriate +sign is returned when appropriate for that rounding mode). They also +set @var{errno} to @code{ERANGE} if returning @math{@infinity{}} or +@math{-@infinity{}}; @var{errno} may or may not be set to +@code{ERANGE} when a finite value is returned on overflow. When +underflow occurs, the underflow exception is raised, and zero +(appropriately signed) or a subnormal value, as appropriate for the +mathematical result of the function and the rounding mode, is +returned. @var{errno} may be set to @code{ERANGE}, but this is not +guaranteed; it is intended that @theglibc{} should set it when the +underflow is to an appropriately signed zero, but not necessarily for +other underflows. + +When a math function has an argument that is a signaling NaN, +@theglibc{} does not consider this a domain error, so @code{errno} is +unchanged, but the invalid exception is still raised (except for a few +functions that are specified to handle signaling NaNs differently). + +Some of the math functions are defined mathematically to result in a +complex value over parts of their domains. The most familiar example of +this is taking the square root of a negative number. The complex math +functions, such as @code{csqrt}, will return the appropriate complex value +in this case. The real-valued functions, such as @code{sqrt}, will +signal a domain error. + +Some older hardware does not support infinities. On that hardware, +overflows instead return a particular very large number (usually the +largest representable number). @file{math.h} defines macros you can use +to test for overflow on both old and new hardware. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevr Macro double HUGE_VAL +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevrx Macro float HUGE_VALF +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypevrx Macro {long double} HUGE_VALL +An expression representing a particular very large number. On machines +that use @w{IEEE 754} floating point format, @code{HUGE_VAL} is infinity. +On other machines, it's typically the largest positive number that can +be represented. + +Mathematical functions return the appropriately typed version of +@code{HUGE_VAL} or @code{@minus{}HUGE_VAL} when the result is too large +to be represented. +@end deftypevr + +@node Rounding +@section Rounding Modes + +Floating-point calculations are carried out internally with extra +precision, and then rounded to fit into the destination type. This +ensures that results are as precise as the input data. @w{IEEE 754} +defines four possible rounding modes: + +@table @asis +@item Round to nearest. +This is the default mode. It should be used unless there is a specific +need for one of the others. In this mode results are rounded to the +nearest representable value. If the result is midway between two +representable values, the even representable is chosen. @dfn{Even} here +means the lowest-order bit is zero. This rounding mode prevents +statistical bias and guarantees numeric stability: round-off errors in a +lengthy calculation will remain smaller than half of @code{FLT_EPSILON}. + +@c @item Round toward @math{+@infinity{}} +@item Round toward plus Infinity. +All results are rounded to the smallest representable value +which is greater than the result. + +@c @item Round toward @math{-@infinity{}} +@item Round toward minus Infinity. +All results are rounded to the largest representable value which is less +than the result. + +@item Round toward zero. +All results are rounded to the largest representable value whose +magnitude is less than that of the result. In other words, if the +result is negative it is rounded up; if it is positive, it is rounded +down. +@end table + +@noindent +@file{fenv.h} defines constants which you can use to refer to the +various rounding modes. Each one will be defined if and only if the FPU +supports the corresponding rounding mode. + +@vtable @code +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_TONEAREST +Round to nearest. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_UPWARD +Round toward @math{+@infinity{}}. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_DOWNWARD +Round toward @math{-@infinity{}}. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@item FE_TOWARDZERO +Round toward zero. +@end vtable + +Underflow is an unusual case. Normally, @w{IEEE 754} floating point +numbers are always normalized (@pxref{Floating Point Concepts}). +Numbers smaller than @math{2^r} (where @math{r} is the minimum exponent, +@code{FLT_MIN_RADIX-1} for @var{float}) cannot be represented as +normalized numbers. Rounding all such numbers to zero or @math{2^r} +would cause some algorithms to fail at 0. Therefore, they are left in +denormalized form. That produces loss of precision, since some bits of +the mantissa are stolen to indicate the decimal point. + +If a result is too small to be represented as a denormalized number, it +is rounded to zero. However, the sign of the result is preserved; if +the calculation was negative, the result is @dfn{negative zero}. +Negative zero can also result from some operations on infinity, such as +@math{4/-@infinity{}}. + +At any time, one of the above four rounding modes is selected. You can +find out which one with this function: + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fegetround (void) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Returns the currently selected rounding mode, represented by one of the +values of the defined rounding mode macros. +@end deftypefun + +@noindent +To change the rounding mode, use this function: + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fesetround (int @var{round}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Changes the currently selected rounding mode to @var{round}. If +@var{round} does not correspond to one of the supported rounding modes +nothing is changed. @code{fesetround} returns zero if it changed the +rounding mode, or a nonzero value if the mode is not supported. +@end deftypefun + +You should avoid changing the rounding mode if possible. It can be an +expensive operation; also, some hardware requires you to compile your +program differently for it to work. The resulting code may run slower. +See your compiler documentation for details. +@c This section used to claim that functions existed to round one number +@c in a specific fashion. I can't find any functions in the library +@c that do that. -zw + +@node Control Functions +@section Floating-Point Control Functions + +@w{IEEE 754} floating-point implementations allow the programmer to +decide whether traps will occur for each of the exceptions, by setting +bits in the @dfn{control word}. In C, traps result in the program +receiving the @code{SIGFPE} signal; see @ref{Signal Handling}. + +@strong{NB:} @w{IEEE 754} says that trap handlers are given details of +the exceptional situation, and can set the result value. C signals do +not provide any mechanism to pass this information back and forth. +Trapping exceptions in C is therefore not very useful. + +It is sometimes necessary to save the state of the floating-point unit +while you perform some calculation. The library provides functions +which save and restore the exception flags, the set of exceptions that +generate traps, and the rounding mode. This information is known as the +@dfn{floating-point environment}. + +The functions to save and restore the floating-point environment all use +a variable of type @code{fenv_t} to store information. This type is +defined in @file{fenv.h}. Its size and contents are +implementation-defined. You should not attempt to manipulate a variable +of this type directly. + +To save the state of the FPU, use one of these functions: + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fegetenv (fenv_t *@var{envp}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Store the floating-point environment in the variable pointed to by +@var{envp}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int feholdexcept (fenv_t *@var{envp}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Store the current floating-point environment in the object pointed to by +@var{envp}. Then clear all exception flags, and set the FPU to trap no +exceptions. Not all FPUs support trapping no exceptions; if +@code{feholdexcept} cannot set this mode, it returns nonzero value. If it +succeeds, it returns zero. +@end deftypefun + +The functions which restore the floating-point environment can take these +kinds of arguments: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Pointers to @code{fenv_t} objects, which were initialized previously by a +call to @code{fegetenv} or @code{feholdexcept}. +@item +@vindex FE_DFL_ENV +The special macro @code{FE_DFL_ENV} which represents the floating-point +environment as it was available at program start. +@item +Implementation defined macros with names starting with @code{FE_} and +having type @code{fenv_t *}. + +@vindex FE_NOMASK_ENV +If possible, @theglibc{} defines a macro @code{FE_NOMASK_ENV} +which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a +trap to occur. You can test for this macro using @code{#ifdef}. It is +only defined if @code{_GNU_SOURCE} is defined. + +Some platforms might define other predefined environments. +@end itemize + +@noindent +To set the floating-point environment, you can use either of these +functions: + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fesetenv (const fenv_t *@var{envp}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Set the floating-point environment to that described by @var{envp}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int feupdateenv (const fenv_t *@var{envp}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Like @code{fesetenv}, this function sets the floating-point environment +to that described by @var{envp}. However, if any exceptions were +flagged in the status word before @code{feupdateenv} was called, they +remain flagged after the call. In other words, after @code{feupdateenv} +is called, the status word is the bitwise OR of the previous status word +and the one saved in @var{envp}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@noindent +TS 18661-1:2014 defines additional functions to save and restore +floating-point control modes (such as the rounding mode and whether +traps are enabled) while leaving other status (such as raised flags) +unchanged. + +@vindex FE_DFL_MODE +The special macro @code{FE_DFL_MODE} may be passed to +@code{fesetmode}. It represents the floating-point control modes at +program start. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fegetmode (femode_t *@var{modep}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Store the floating-point control modes in the variable pointed to by +@var{modep}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int fesetmode (const femode_t *@var{modep}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +Set the floating-point control modes to those described by +@var{modep}. + +The function returns zero in case the operation was successful, a +non-zero value otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@noindent +To control for individual exceptions if raising them causes a trap to +occur, you can use the following two functions. + +@strong{Portability Note:} These functions are all GNU extensions. + +@comment fenv.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int feenableexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function enables traps for each of the exceptions as indicated by +the parameter @var{excepts}. The individual exceptions are described in +@ref{Status bit operations}. Only the specified exceptions are +enabled, the status of the other exceptions is not changed. + +The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the +operation was successful, @code{-1} otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int fedisableexcept (int @var{excepts}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function disables traps for each of the exceptions as indicated by +the parameter @var{excepts}. The individual exceptions are described in +@ref{Status bit operations}. Only the specified exceptions are +disabled, the status of the other exceptions is not changed. + +The function returns the previous enabled exceptions in case the +operation was successful, @code{-1} otherwise. +@end deftypefun + +@comment fenv.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int fegetexcept (void) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The function returns a bitmask of all currently enabled exceptions. It +returns @code{-1} in case of failure. +@end deftypefun + +@node Arithmetic Functions +@section Arithmetic Functions + +The C library provides functions to do basic operations on +floating-point numbers. These include absolute value, maximum and minimum, +normalization, bit twiddling, rounding, and a few others. + +@menu +* Absolute Value:: Absolute values of integers and floats. +* Normalization Functions:: Extracting exponents and putting them back. +* Rounding Functions:: Rounding floats to integers. +* Remainder Functions:: Remainders on division, precisely defined. +* FP Bit Twiddling:: Sign bit adjustment. Adding epsilon. +* FP Comparison Functions:: Comparisons without risk of exceptions. +* Misc FP Arithmetic:: Max, min, positive difference, multiply-add. +@end menu + +@node Absolute Value +@subsection Absolute Value +@cindex absolute value functions + +These functions are provided for obtaining the @dfn{absolute value} (or +@dfn{magnitude}) of a number. The absolute value of a real number +@var{x} is @var{x} if @var{x} is positive, @minus{}@var{x} if @var{x} is +negative. For a complex number @var{z}, whose real part is @var{x} and +whose imaginary part is @var{y}, the absolute value is @w{@code{sqrt +(@var{x}*@var{x} + @var{y}*@var{y})}}. + +@pindex math.h +@pindex stdlib.h +Prototypes for @code{abs}, @code{labs} and @code{llabs} are in @file{stdlib.h}; +@code{imaxabs} is declared in @file{inttypes.h}; +@code{fabs}, @code{fabsf} and @code{fabsl} are declared in @file{math.h}. +@code{cabs}, @code{cabsf} and @code{cabsl} are declared in @file{complex.h}. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int abs (int @var{number}) +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long int} labs (long int @var{number}) +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long long int} llabs (long long int @var{number}) +@comment inttypes.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t imaxabs (intmax_t @var{number}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the absolute value of @var{number}. + +Most computers use a two's complement integer representation, in which +the absolute value of @code{INT_MIN} (the smallest possible @code{int}) +cannot be represented; thus, @w{@code{abs (INT_MIN)}} is not defined. + +@code{llabs} and @code{imaxdiv} are new to @w{ISO C99}. + +See @ref{Integers} for a description of the @code{intmax_t} type. + +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fabs (double @var{number}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fabsf (float @var{number}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fabsl (long double @var{number}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function returns the absolute value of the floating-point number +@var{number}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double cabs (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float cabsf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} cabsl (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the absolute value of the complex number @var{z} +(@pxref{Complex Numbers}). The absolute value of a complex number is: + +@smallexample +sqrt (creal (@var{z}) * creal (@var{z}) + cimag (@var{z}) * cimag (@var{z})) +@end smallexample + +This function should always be used instead of the direct formula +because it takes special care to avoid losing precision. It may also +take advantage of hardware support for this operation. See @code{hypot} +in @ref{Exponents and Logarithms}. +@end deftypefun + +@node Normalization Functions +@subsection Normalization Functions +@cindex normalization functions (floating-point) + +The functions described in this section are primarily provided as a way +to efficiently perform certain low-level manipulations on floating point +numbers that are represented internally using a binary radix; +see @ref{Floating Point Concepts}. These functions are required to +have equivalent behavior even if the representation does not use a radix +of 2, but of course they are unlikely to be particularly efficient in +those cases. + +@pindex math.h +All these functions are declared in @file{math.h}. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double frexp (double @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float frexpf (float @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} frexpl (long double @var{value}, int *@var{exponent}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are used to split the number @var{value} +into a normalized fraction and an exponent. + +If the argument @var{value} is not zero, the return value is @var{value} +times a power of two, and its magnitude is always in the range 1/2 +(inclusive) to 1 (exclusive). The corresponding exponent is stored in +@code{*@var{exponent}}; the return value multiplied by 2 raised to this +exponent equals the original number @var{value}. + +For example, @code{frexp (12.8, &exponent)} returns @code{0.8} and +stores @code{4} in @code{exponent}. + +If @var{value} is zero, then the return value is zero and +zero is stored in @code{*@var{exponent}}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double ldexp (double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float ldexpf (float @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} ldexpl (long double @var{value}, int @var{exponent}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the result of multiplying the floating-point +number @var{value} by 2 raised to the power @var{exponent}. (It can +be used to reassemble floating-point numbers that were taken apart +by @code{frexp}.) + +For example, @code{ldexp (0.8, 4)} returns @code{12.8}. +@end deftypefun + +The following functions, which come from BSD, provide facilities +equivalent to those of @code{ldexp} and @code{frexp}. See also the +@w{ISO C} function @code{logb} which originally also appeared in BSD. + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double scalb (double @var{value}, double @var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float scalbf (float @var{value}, float @var{exponent}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} scalbl (long double @var{value}, long double @var{exponent}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{scalb} function is the BSD name for @code{ldexp}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double scalbn (double @var{x}, int @var{n}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float scalbnf (float @var{x}, int @var{n}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} scalbnl (long double @var{x}, int @var{n}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{scalbn} is identical to @code{scalb}, except that the exponent +@var{n} is an @code{int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double scalbln (double @var{x}, long int @var{n}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float scalblnf (float @var{x}, long int @var{n}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} scalblnl (long double @var{x}, long int @var{n}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{scalbln} is identical to @code{scalb}, except that the exponent +@var{n} is a @code{long int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double significand (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float significandf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} significandl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{significand} returns the mantissa of @var{x} scaled to the range +@math{[1, 2)}. +It is equivalent to @w{@code{scalb (@var{x}, (double) -ilogb (@var{x}))}}. + +This function exists mainly for use in certain standardized tests +of @w{IEEE 754} conformance. +@end deftypefun + +@node Rounding Functions +@subsection Rounding Functions +@cindex converting floats to integers + +@pindex math.h +The functions listed here perform operations such as rounding and +truncation of floating-point values. Some of these functions convert +floating point numbers to integer values. They are all declared in +@file{math.h}. + +You can also convert floating-point numbers to integers simply by +casting them to @code{int}. This discards the fractional part, +effectively rounding towards zero. However, this only works if the +result can actually be represented as an @code{int}---for very large +numbers, this is impossible. The functions listed here return the +result as a @code{double} instead to get around this problem. + +The @code{fromfp} functions use the following macros, from TS +18661-1:2014, to specify the direction of rounding. These correspond +to the rounding directions defined in IEEE 754-2008. + +@vtable @code +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@item FP_INT_UPWARD +Round toward @math{+@infinity{}}. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@item FP_INT_DOWNWARD +Round toward @math{-@infinity{}}. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@item FP_INT_TOWARDZERO +Round toward zero. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@item FP_INT_TONEARESTFROMZERO +Round to nearest, ties round away from zero. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@item FP_INT_TONEAREST +Round to nearest, ties round to even. +@end vtable + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double ceil (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float ceilf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} ceill (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions round @var{x} upwards to the nearest integer, +returning that value as a @code{double}. Thus, @code{ceil (1.5)} +is @code{2.0}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double floor (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float floorf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} floorl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions round @var{x} downwards to the nearest +integer, returning that value as a @code{double}. Thus, @code{floor +(1.5)} is @code{1.0} and @code{floor (-1.5)} is @code{-2.0}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double trunc (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float truncf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} truncl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{trunc} functions round @var{x} towards zero to the nearest +integer (returned in floating-point format). Thus, @code{trunc (1.5)} +is @code{1.0} and @code{trunc (-1.5)} is @code{-1.0}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double rint (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float rintf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} rintl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions round @var{x} to an integer value according to the +current rounding mode. @xref{Floating Point Parameters}, for +information about the various rounding modes. The default +rounding mode is to round to the nearest integer; some machines +support other modes, but round-to-nearest is always used unless +you explicitly select another. + +If @var{x} was not initially an integer, these functions raise the +inexact exception. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nearbyint (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nearbyintf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nearbyintl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the same value as the @code{rint} functions, but +do not raise the inexact exception if @var{x} is not an integer. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double round (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float roundf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} roundl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are similar to @code{rint}, but they round halfway +cases away from zero instead of to the nearest integer (or other +current rounding mode). +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double roundeven (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float roundevenf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} roundevenl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, are similar to @code{round}, +but they round halfway cases to even instead of away from zero. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long int} lrint (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long int} lrintf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long int} lrintl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are just like @code{rint}, but they return a +@code{long int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long long int} llrint (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long long int} llrintf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long long int} llrintl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are just like @code{rint}, but they return a +@code{long long int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long int} lround (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long int} lroundf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long int} lroundl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are just like @code{round}, but they return a +@code{long int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long long int} llround (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long long int} llroundf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long long int} llroundl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are just like @code{round}, but they return a +@code{long long int} instead of a floating-point number. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun intmax_t fromfp (double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t fromfpf (float @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t fromfpl (long double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfp (double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfpf (float @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfpl (long double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t fromfpx (double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t fromfpxf (float @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx intmax_t fromfpxl (long double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfpx (double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfpxf (float @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx uintmax_t ufromfpxl (long double @var{x}, int @var{round}, unsigned int @var{width}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, convert a floating-point number +to an integer according to the rounding direction @var{round} (one of +the @code{FP_INT_*} macros). If the integer is outside the range of a +signed or unsigned (depending on the return type of the function) type +of width @var{width} bits (or outside the range of the return type, if +@var{width} is larger), or if @var{x} is infinite or NaN, or if +@var{width} is zero, a domain error occurs and an unspecified value is +returned. The functions with an @samp{x} in their names raise the +inexact exception when a domain error does not occur and the argument +is not an integer; the other functions do not raise the inexact +exception. +@end deftypefun + + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double modf (double @var{value}, double *@var{integer-part}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float modff (float @var{value}, float *@var{integer-part}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} modfl (long double @var{value}, long double *@var{integer-part}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions break the argument @var{value} into an integer part and a +fractional part (between @code{-1} and @code{1}, exclusive). Their sum +equals @var{value}. Each of the parts has the same sign as @var{value}, +and the integer part is always rounded toward zero. + +@code{modf} stores the integer part in @code{*@var{integer-part}}, and +returns the fractional part. For example, @code{modf (2.5, &intpart)} +returns @code{0.5} and stores @code{2.0} into @code{intpart}. +@end deftypefun + +@node Remainder Functions +@subsection Remainder Functions + +The functions in this section compute the remainder on division of two +floating-point numbers. Each is a little different; pick the one that +suits your problem. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fmod (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fmodf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fmodl (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions compute the remainder from the division of +@var{numerator} by @var{denominator}. Specifically, the return value is +@code{@var{numerator} - @w{@var{n} * @var{denominator}}}, where @var{n} +is the quotient of @var{numerator} divided by @var{denominator}, rounded +towards zero to an integer. Thus, @w{@code{fmod (6.5, 2.3)}} returns +@code{1.9}, which is @code{6.5} minus @code{4.6}. + +The result has the same sign as the @var{numerator} and has magnitude +less than the magnitude of the @var{denominator}. + +If @var{denominator} is zero, @code{fmod} signals a domain error. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double drem (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float dremf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} dreml (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are like @code{fmod} except that they round the +internal quotient @var{n} to the nearest integer instead of towards zero +to an integer. For example, @code{drem (6.5, 2.3)} returns @code{-0.4}, +which is @code{6.5} minus @code{6.9}. + +The absolute value of the result is less than or equal to half the +absolute value of the @var{denominator}. The difference between +@code{fmod (@var{numerator}, @var{denominator})} and @code{drem +(@var{numerator}, @var{denominator})} is always either +@var{denominator}, minus @var{denominator}, or zero. + +If @var{denominator} is zero, @code{drem} signals a domain error. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun double remainder (double @var{numerator}, double @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx float remainderf (float @var{numerator}, float @var{denominator}) +@comment math.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefunx {long double} remainderl (long double @var{numerator}, long double @var{denominator}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is another name for @code{drem}. +@end deftypefun + +@node FP Bit Twiddling +@subsection Setting and modifying single bits of FP values +@cindex FP arithmetic + +There are some operations that are too complicated or expensive to +perform by hand on floating-point numbers. @w{ISO C99} defines +functions to do these operations, which mostly involve changing single +bits. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double copysign (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float copysignf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} copysignl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return @var{x} but with the sign of @var{y}. They work +even if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN or zero. Both of these can carry a +sign (although not all implementations support it) and this is one of +the few operations that can tell the difference. + +@code{copysign} never raises an exception. +@c except signalling NaNs + +This function is defined in @w{IEC 559} (and the appendix with +recommended functions in @w{IEEE 754}/@w{IEEE 854}). +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int signbit (@emph{float-type} @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{signbit} is a generic macro which can work on all floating-point +types. It returns a nonzero value if the value of @var{x} has its sign +bit set. + +This is not the same as @code{x < 0.0}, because @w{IEEE 754} floating +point allows zero to be signed. The comparison @code{-0.0 < 0.0} is +false, but @code{signbit (-0.0)} will return a nonzero value. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nextafter (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nextafterf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nextafterl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{nextafter} function returns the next representable neighbor of +@var{x} in the direction towards @var{y}. The size of the step between +@var{x} and the result depends on the type of the result. If +@math{@var{x} = @var{y}} the function simply returns @var{y}. If either +value is @code{NaN}, @code{NaN} is returned. Otherwise +a value corresponding to the value of the least significant bit in the +mantissa is added or subtracted, depending on the direction. +@code{nextafter} will signal overflow or underflow if the result goes +outside of the range of normalized numbers. + +This function is defined in @w{IEC 559} (and the appendix with +recommended functions in @w{IEEE 754}/@w{IEEE 854}). +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nexttoward (double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nexttowardf (float @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nexttowardl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are identical to the corresponding versions of +@code{nextafter} except that their second argument is a @code{long +double}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nextup (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nextupf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nextupl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{nextup} function returns the next representable neighbor of @var{x} +in the direction of positive infinity. If @var{x} is the smallest negative +subnormal number in the type of @var{x} the function returns @code{-0}. If +@math{@var{x} = @code{0}} the function returns the smallest positive subnormal +number in the type of @var{x}. If @var{x} is NaN, NaN is returned. +If @var{x} is @math{+@infinity{}}, @math{+@infinity{}} is returned. +@code{nextup} is from TS 18661-1:2014. +@code{nextup} never raises an exception except for signaling NaNs. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nextdown (double @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nextdownf (float @var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nextdownl (long double @var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{nextdown} function returns the next representable neighbor of @var{x} +in the direction of negative infinity. If @var{x} is the smallest positive +subnormal number in the type of @var{x} the function returns @code{+0}. If +@math{@var{x} = @code{0}} the function returns the smallest negative subnormal +number in the type of @var{x}. If @var{x} is NaN, NaN is returned. +If @var{x} is @math{-@infinity{}}, @math{-@infinity{}} is returned. +@code{nextdown} is from TS 18661-1:2014. +@code{nextdown} never raises an exception except for signaling NaNs. +@end deftypefun + +@cindex NaN +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double nan (const char *@var{tagp}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float nanf (const char *@var{tagp}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} nanl (const char *@var{tagp}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@c The unsafe-but-ruled-safe locale use comes from strtod. +The @code{nan} function returns a representation of NaN, provided that +NaN is supported by the target platform. +@code{nan ("@var{n-char-sequence}")} is equivalent to +@code{strtod ("NAN(@var{n-char-sequence})")}. + +The argument @var{tagp} is used in an unspecified manner. On @w{IEEE +754} systems, there are many representations of NaN, and @var{tagp} +selects one. On other systems it may do nothing. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int canonicalize (double *@var{cx}, const double *@var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int canonicalizef (float *@var{cx}, const float *@var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int canonicalizel (long double *@var{cx}, const long double *@var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +In some floating-point formats, some values have canonical (preferred) +and noncanonical encodings (for IEEE interchange binary formats, all +encodings are canonical). These functions, defined by TS +18661-1:2014, attempt to produce a canonical version of the +floating-point value pointed to by @var{x}; if that value is a +signaling NaN, they raise the invalid exception and produce a quiet +NaN. If a canonical value is produced, it is stored in the object +pointed to by @var{cx}, and these functions return zero. Otherwise +(if a canonical value could not be produced because the object pointed +to by @var{x} is not a valid representation of any floating-point +value), the object pointed to by @var{cx} is unchanged and a nonzero +value is returned. + +Note that some formats have multiple encodings of a value which are +all equally canonical; when such an encoding is used as an input to +this function, any such encoding of the same value (or of the +corresponding quiet NaN, if that value is a signaling NaN) may be +produced as output. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double getpayload (const double *@var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float getpayloadf (const float *@var{x}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} getpayloadl (const long double *@var{x}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +IEEE 754 defines the @dfn{payload} of a NaN to be an integer value +encoded in the representation of the NaN. Payloads are typically +propagated from NaN inputs to the result of a floating-point +operation. These functions, defined by TS 18661-1:2014, return the +payload of the NaN pointed to by @var{x} (returned as a positive +integer, or positive zero, represented as a floating-point number); if +@var{x} is not a NaN, they return an unspecified value. They raise no +floating-point exceptions even for signaling NaNs. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int setpayload (double *@var{x}, double @var{payload}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int setpayloadf (float *@var{x}, float @var{payload}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int setpayloadl (long double *@var{x}, long double @var{payload}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, defined by TS 18661-1:2014, set the object pointed to +by @var{x} to a quiet NaN with payload @var{payload} and a zero sign +bit and return zero. If @var{payload} is not a positive-signed +integer that is a valid payload for a quiet NaN of the given type, the +object pointed to by @var{x} is set to positive zero and a nonzero +value is returned. They raise no floating-point exceptions. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int setpayloadsig (double *@var{x}, double @var{payload}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int setpayloadsigf (float *@var{x}, float @var{payload}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int setpayloadsigl (long double *@var{x}, long double @var{payload}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, defined by TS 18661-1:2014, set the object pointed to +by @var{x} to a signaling NaN with payload @var{payload} and a zero +sign bit and return zero. If @var{payload} is not a positive-signed +integer that is a valid payload for a signaling NaN of the given type, +the object pointed to by @var{x} is set to positive zero and a nonzero +value is returned. They raise no floating-point exceptions. +@end deftypefun + +@node FP Comparison Functions +@subsection Floating-Point Comparison Functions +@cindex unordered comparison + +The standard C comparison operators provoke exceptions when one or other +of the operands is NaN. For example, + +@smallexample +int v = a < 1.0; +@end smallexample + +@noindent +will raise an exception if @var{a} is NaN. (This does @emph{not} +happen with @code{==} and @code{!=}; those merely return false and true, +respectively, when NaN is examined.) Frequently this exception is +undesirable. @w{ISO C99} therefore defines comparison functions that +do not raise exceptions when NaN is examined. All of the functions are +implemented as macros which allow their arguments to be of any +floating-point type. The macros are guaranteed to evaluate their +arguments only once. TS 18661-1:2014 adds such a macro for an +equality comparison that @emph{does} raise an exception for a NaN +argument; it also adds functions that provide a total ordering on all +floating-point values, including NaNs, without raising any exceptions +even for signaling NaNs. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int isgreater (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether the argument @var{x} is greater than +@var{y}. It is equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) > (@var{y})}, but no +exception is raised if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int isgreaterequal (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether the argument @var{x} is greater than or +equal to @var{y}. It is equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) >= (@var{y})}, but no +exception is raised if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int isless (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether the argument @var{x} is less than @var{y}. +It is equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) < (@var{y})}, but no exception is +raised if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int islessequal (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether the argument @var{x} is less than or equal +to @var{y}. It is equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) <= (@var{y})}, but no +exception is raised if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int islessgreater (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether the argument @var{x} is less or greater +than @var{y}. It is equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) < (@var{y}) || +(@var{x}) > (@var{y})} (although it only evaluates @var{x} and @var{y} +once), but no exception is raised if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. + +This macro is not equivalent to @code{@var{x} != @var{y}}, because that +expression is true if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int isunordered (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether its arguments are unordered. In other +words, it is true if @var{x} or @var{y} are NaN, and false otherwise. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefn Macro int iseqsig (@emph{real-floating} @var{x}, @emph{real-floating} @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This macro determines whether its arguments are equal. It is +equivalent to @code{(@var{x}) == (@var{y})}, but it raises the invalid +exception and sets @code{errno} to @code{EDOM} if either argument is a +NaN. +@end deftypefn + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int totalorder (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int totalorderf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int totalorderl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions determine whether the total order relationship, +defined in IEEE 754-2008, is true for @var{x} and @var{y}, returning +nonzero if it is true and zero if it is false. No exceptions are +raised even for signaling NaNs. The relationship is true if they are +the same floating-point value (including sign for zero and NaNs, and +payload for NaNs), or if @var{x} comes before @var{y} in the following +order: negative quiet NaNs, in order of decreasing payload; negative +signaling NaNs, in order of decreasing payload; negative infinity; +finite numbers, in ascending order, with negative zero before positive +zero; positive infinity; positive signaling NaNs, in order of +increasing payload; positive quiet NaNs, in order of increasing +payload. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int totalordermag (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int totalordermagf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx int totalordermagl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions determine whether the total order relationship, +defined in IEEE 754-2008, is true for the absolute values of @var{x} +and @var{y}, returning nonzero if it is true and zero if it is false. +No exceptions are raised even for signaling NaNs. +@end deftypefun + +Not all machines provide hardware support for these operations. On +machines that don't, the macros can be very slow. Therefore, you should +not use these functions when NaN is not a concern. + +@strong{NB:} There are no macros @code{isequal} or @code{isunequal}. +They are unnecessary, because the @code{==} and @code{!=} operators do +@emph{not} throw an exception if one or both of the operands are NaN. + +@node Misc FP Arithmetic +@subsection Miscellaneous FP arithmetic functions +@cindex minimum +@cindex maximum +@cindex positive difference +@cindex multiply-add + +The functions in this section perform miscellaneous but common +operations that are awkward to express with C operators. On some +processors these functions can use special machine instructions to +perform these operations faster than the equivalent C code. + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fmin (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fminf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fminl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{fmin} function returns the lesser of the two values @var{x} +and @var{y}. It is similar to the expression +@smallexample +((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) +@end smallexample +except that @var{x} and @var{y} are only evaluated once. + +If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both arguments +are NaN, NaN is returned. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fmax (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fmaxf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fmaxl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{fmax} function returns the greater of the two values @var{x} +and @var{y}. + +If an argument is NaN, the other argument is returned. If both arguments +are NaN, NaN is returned. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fminmag (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fminmagf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fminmagl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, return whichever of the two +values @var{x} and @var{y} has the smaller absolute value. If both +have the same absolute value, or either is NaN, they behave the same +as the @code{fmin} functions. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fmaxmag (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fmaxmagf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fmaxmagl (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, return whichever of the two +values @var{x} and @var{y} has the greater absolute value. If both +have the same absolute value, or either is NaN, they behave the same +as the @code{fmax} functions. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fdim (double @var{x}, double @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fdimf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fdiml (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{fdim} function returns the positive difference between +@var{x} and @var{y}. The positive difference is @math{@var{x} - +@var{y}} if @var{x} is greater than @var{y}, and @math{0} otherwise. + +If @var{x}, @var{y}, or both are NaN, NaN is returned. +@end deftypefun + +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double fma (double @var{x}, double @var{y}, double @var{z}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float fmaf (float @var{x}, float @var{y}, float @var{z}) +@comment math.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} fmal (long double @var{x}, long double @var{y}, long double @var{z}) +@cindex butterfly +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{fma} function performs floating-point multiply-add. This is +the operation @math{(@var{x} @mul{} @var{y}) + @var{z}}, but the +intermediate result is not rounded to the destination type. This can +sometimes improve the precision of a calculation. + +This function was introduced because some processors have a special +instruction to perform multiply-add. The C compiler cannot use it +directly, because the expression @samp{x*y + z} is defined to round the +intermediate result. @code{fma} lets you choose when you want to round +only once. + +@vindex FP_FAST_FMA +On processors which do not implement multiply-add in hardware, +@code{fma} can be very slow since it must avoid intermediate rounding. +@file{math.h} defines the symbols @code{FP_FAST_FMA}, +@code{FP_FAST_FMAF}, and @code{FP_FAST_FMAL} when the corresponding +version of @code{fma} is no slower than the expression @samp{x*y + z}. +In @theglibc{}, this always means the operation is implemented in +hardware. +@end deftypefun + +@node Complex Numbers +@section Complex Numbers +@pindex complex.h +@cindex complex numbers + +@w{ISO C99} introduces support for complex numbers in C. This is done +with a new type qualifier, @code{complex}. It is a keyword if and only +if @file{complex.h} has been included. There are three complex types, +corresponding to the three real types: @code{float complex}, +@code{double complex}, and @code{long double complex}. + +To construct complex numbers you need a way to indicate the imaginary +part of a number. There is no standard notation for an imaginary +floating point constant. Instead, @file{complex.h} defines two macros +that can be used to create complex numbers. + +@deftypevr Macro {const float complex} _Complex_I +This macro is a representation of the complex number ``@math{0+1i}''. +Multiplying a real floating-point value by @code{_Complex_I} gives a +complex number whose value is purely imaginary. You can use this to +construct complex constants: + +@smallexample +@math{3.0 + 4.0i} = @code{3.0 + 4.0 * _Complex_I} +@end smallexample + +Note that @code{_Complex_I * _Complex_I} has the value @code{-1}, but +the type of that value is @code{complex}. +@end deftypevr + +@c Put this back in when gcc supports _Imaginary_I. It's too confusing. +@ignore +@noindent +Without an optimizing compiler this is more expensive than the use of +@code{_Imaginary_I} but with is better than nothing. You can avoid all +the hassles if you use the @code{I} macro below if the name is not +problem. + +@deftypevr Macro {const float imaginary} _Imaginary_I +This macro is a representation of the value ``@math{1i}''. I.e., it is +the value for which + +@smallexample +_Imaginary_I * _Imaginary_I = -1 +@end smallexample + +@noindent +The result is not of type @code{float imaginary} but instead @code{float}. +One can use it to easily construct complex number like in + +@smallexample +3.0 - _Imaginary_I * 4.0 +@end smallexample + +@noindent +which results in the complex number with a real part of 3.0 and a +imaginary part -4.0. +@end deftypevr +@end ignore + +@noindent +@code{_Complex_I} is a bit of a mouthful. @file{complex.h} also defines +a shorter name for the same constant. + +@deftypevr Macro {const float complex} I +This macro has exactly the same value as @code{_Complex_I}. Most of the +time it is preferable. However, it causes problems if you want to use +the identifier @code{I} for something else. You can safely write + +@smallexample +#include <complex.h> +#undef I +@end smallexample + +@noindent +if you need @code{I} for your own purposes. (In that case we recommend +you also define some other short name for @code{_Complex_I}, such as +@code{J}.) + +@ignore +If the implementation does not support the @code{imaginary} types +@code{I} is defined as @code{_Complex_I} which is the second best +solution. It still can be used in the same way but requires a most +clever compiler to get the same results. +@end ignore +@end deftypevr + +@node Operations on Complex +@section Projections, Conjugates, and Decomposing of Complex Numbers +@cindex project complex numbers +@cindex conjugate complex numbers +@cindex decompose complex numbers +@pindex complex.h + +@w{ISO C99} also defines functions that perform basic operations on +complex numbers, such as decomposition and conjugation. The prototypes +for all these functions are in @file{complex.h}. All functions are +available in three variants, one for each of the three complex types. + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double creal (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float crealf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} creall (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the real part of the complex number @var{z}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double cimag (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float cimagf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} cimagl (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the imaginary part of the complex number @var{z}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {complex double} conj (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {complex float} conjf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {complex long double} conjl (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the conjugate value of the complex number +@var{z}. The conjugate of a complex number has the same real part and a +negated imaginary part. In other words, @samp{conj(a + bi) = a + -bi}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double carg (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float cargf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} cargl (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the argument of the complex number @var{z}. +The argument of a complex number is the angle in the complex plane +between the positive real axis and a line passing through zero and the +number. This angle is measured in the usual fashion and ranges from +@math{-@pi{}} to @math{@pi{}}. + +@code{carg} has a branch cut along the negative real axis. +@end deftypefun + +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {complex double} cproj (complex double @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {complex float} cprojf (complex float @var{z}) +@comment complex.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {complex long double} cprojl (complex long double @var{z}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions return the projection of the complex value @var{z} onto +the Riemann sphere. Values with an infinite imaginary part are projected +to positive infinity on the real axis, even if the real part is NaN. If +the real part is infinite, the result is equivalent to + +@smallexample +INFINITY + I * copysign (0.0, cimag (z)) +@end smallexample +@end deftypefun + +@node Parsing of Numbers +@section Parsing of Numbers +@cindex parsing numbers (in formatted input) +@cindex converting strings to numbers +@cindex number syntax, parsing +@cindex syntax, for reading numbers + +This section describes functions for ``reading'' integer and +floating-point numbers from a string. It may be more convenient in some +cases to use @code{sscanf} or one of the related functions; see +@ref{Formatted Input}. But often you can make a program more robust by +finding the tokens in the string by hand, then converting the numbers +one by one. + +@menu +* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. +* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point + values. +@end menu + +@node Parsing of Integers +@subsection Parsing of Integers + +@pindex stdlib.h +@pindex wchar.h +The @samp{str} functions are declared in @file{stdlib.h} and those +beginning with @samp{wcs} are declared in @file{wchar.h}. One might +wonder about the use of @code{restrict} in the prototypes of the +functions in this section. It is seemingly useless but the @w{ISO C} +standard uses it (for the functions defined there) so we have to do it +as well. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long int} strtol (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@c strtol uses the thread-local pointer to the locale in effect, and +@c strtol_l loads the LC_NUMERIC locale data from it early on and once, +@c but if the locale is the global locale, and another thread calls +@c setlocale in a way that modifies the pointer to the LC_CTYPE locale +@c category, the behavior of e.g. IS*, TOUPPER will vary throughout the +@c execution of the function, because they re-read the locale data from +@c the given locale pointer. We solved this by documenting setlocale as +@c MT-Unsafe. +The @code{strtol} (``string-to-long'') function converts the initial +part of @var{string} to a signed integer, which is returned as a value +of type @code{long int}. + +This function attempts to decompose @var{string} as follows: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which characters +are whitespace is determined by the @code{isspace} function +(@pxref{Classification of Characters}). These are discarded. + +@item +An optional plus or minus sign (@samp{+} or @samp{-}). + +@item +A nonempty sequence of digits in the radix specified by @var{base}. + +If @var{base} is zero, decimal radix is assumed unless the series of +digits begins with @samp{0} (specifying octal radix), or @samp{0x} or +@samp{0X} (specifying hexadecimal radix); in other words, the same +syntax used for integer constants in C. + +Otherwise @var{base} must have a value between @code{2} and @code{36}. +If @var{base} is @code{16}, the digits may optionally be preceded by +@samp{0x} or @samp{0X}. If base has no legal value the value returned +is @code{0l} and the global variable @code{errno} is set to @code{EINVAL}. + +@item +Any remaining characters in the string. If @var{tailptr} is not a null +pointer, @code{strtol} stores a pointer to this tail in +@code{*@var{tailptr}}. +@end itemize + +If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not contain an +initial substring that has the expected syntax for an integer in the +specified @var{base}, no conversion is performed. In this case, +@code{strtol} returns a value of zero and the value stored in +@code{*@var{tailptr}} is the value of @var{string}. + +In a locale other than the standard @code{"C"} locale, this function +may recognize additional implementation-dependent syntax. + +If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, @code{strtol} returns either +@code{LONG_MAX} or @code{LONG_MIN} (@pxref{Range of Type}), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets @code{errno} +to @code{ERANGE} to indicate there was overflow. + +You should not check for errors by examining the return value of +@code{strtol}, because the string might be a valid representation of +@code{0l}, @code{LONG_MAX}, or @code{LONG_MIN}. Instead, check whether +@var{tailptr} points to what you expect after the number +(e.g. @code{'\0'} if the string should end after the number). You also +need to clear @var{errno} before the call and check it afterward, in +case there was overflow. + +There is an example at the end of this section. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long int} wcstol (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstol} function is equivalent to the @code{strtol} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstol} function was introduced in @w{Amendment 1} of @w{ISO C90}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {unsigned long int} strtoul (const char *retrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{strtoul} (``string-to-unsigned-long'') function is like +@code{strtol} except it converts to an @code{unsigned long int} value. +The syntax is the same as described above for @code{strtol}. The value +returned on overflow is @code{ULONG_MAX} (@pxref{Range of Type}). + +If @var{string} depicts a negative number, @code{strtoul} acts the same +as @var{strtol} but casts the result to an unsigned integer. That means +for example that @code{strtoul} on @code{"-1"} returns @code{ULONG_MAX} +and an input more negative than @code{LONG_MIN} returns +(@code{ULONG_MAX} + 1) / 2. + +@code{strtoul} sets @var{errno} to @code{EINVAL} if @var{base} is out of +range, or @code{ERANGE} on overflow. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {unsigned long int} wcstoul (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoul} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoul} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoul} function was introduced in @w{Amendment 1} of @w{ISO C90}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long long int} strtoll (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{strtoll} function is like @code{strtol} except that it returns +a @code{long long int} value, and accepts numbers with a correspondingly +larger range. + +If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, @code{strtoll} returns either +@code{LLONG_MAX} or @code{LLONG_MIN} (@pxref{Range of Type}), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets @code{errno} to +@code{ERANGE} to indicate there was overflow. + +The @code{strtoll} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long long int} wcstoll (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoll} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoll} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoll} function was introduced in @w{Amendment 1} of @w{ISO C90}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun {long long int} strtoq (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{strtoq} (``string-to-quad-word'') is the BSD name for @code{strtoll}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun {long long int} wcstoq (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoq} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoq} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoq} function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {unsigned long long int} strtoull (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{strtoull} function is related to @code{strtoll} the same way +@code{strtoul} is related to @code{strtol}. + +The @code{strtoull} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {unsigned long long int} wcstoull (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoull} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoull} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoull} function was introduced in @w{Amendment 1} of @w{ISO C90}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment BSD +@deftypefun {unsigned long long int} strtouq (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@code{strtouq} is the BSD name for @code{strtoull}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun {unsigned long long int} wcstouq (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstouq} function is equivalent to the @code{strtouq} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstouq} function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun + +@comment inttypes.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun intmax_t strtoimax (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{strtoimax} function is like @code{strtol} except that it returns +a @code{intmax_t} value, and accepts numbers of a corresponding range. + +If the string has valid syntax for an integer but the value is not +representable because of overflow, @code{strtoimax} returns either +@code{INTMAX_MAX} or @code{INTMAX_MIN} (@pxref{Integers}), as +appropriate for the sign of the value. It also sets @code{errno} to +@code{ERANGE} to indicate there was overflow. + +See @ref{Integers} for a description of the @code{intmax_t} type. The +@code{strtoimax} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun intmax_t wcstoimax (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoimax} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoimax} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoimax} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment inttypes.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun uintmax_t strtoumax (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{strtoumax} function is related to @code{strtoimax} +the same way that @code{strtoul} is related to @code{strtol}. + +See @ref{Integers} for a description of the @code{intmax_t} type. The +@code{strtoumax} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun uintmax_t wcstoumax (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}, int @var{base}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstoumax} function is equivalent to the @code{strtoumax} function +in nearly all aspects but handles wide character strings. + +The @code{wcstoumax} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long int} atol (const char *@var{string}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is similar to the @code{strtol} function with a @var{base} +argument of @code{10}, except that it need not detect overflow errors. +The @code{atol} function is provided mostly for compatibility with +existing code; using @code{strtol} is more robust. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun int atoi (const char *@var{string}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is like @code{atol}, except that it returns an @code{int}. +The @code{atoi} function is also considered obsolete; use @code{strtol} +instead. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun {long long int} atoll (const char *@var{string}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is similar to @code{atol}, except it returns a @code{long +long int}. + +The @code{atoll} function was introduced in @w{ISO C99}. It too is +obsolete (despite having just been added); use @code{strtoll} instead. +@end deftypefun + +All the functions mentioned in this section so far do not handle +alternative representations of characters as described in the locale +data. Some locales specify thousands separator and the way they have to +be used which can help to make large numbers more readable. To read +such numbers one has to use the @code{scanf} functions with the @samp{'} +flag. + +Here is a function which parses a string as a sequence of integers and +returns the sum of them: + +@smallexample +int +sum_ints_from_string (char *string) +@{ + int sum = 0; + + while (1) @{ + char *tail; + int next; + + /* @r{Skip whitespace by hand, to detect the end.} */ + while (isspace (*string)) string++; + if (*string == 0) + break; + + /* @r{There is more nonwhitespace,} */ + /* @r{so it ought to be another number.} */ + errno = 0; + /* @r{Parse it.} */ + next = strtol (string, &tail, 0); + /* @r{Add it in, if not overflow.} */ + if (errno) + printf ("Overflow\n"); + else + sum += next; + /* @r{Advance past it.} */ + string = tail; + @} + + return sum; +@} +@end smallexample + +@node Parsing of Floats +@subsection Parsing of Floats + +@pindex stdlib.h +The @samp{str} functions are declared in @file{stdlib.h} and those +beginning with @samp{wcs} are declared in @file{wchar.h}. One might +wonder about the use of @code{restrict} in the prototypes of the +functions in this section. It is seemingly useless but the @w{ISO C} +standard uses it (for the functions defined there) so we have to do it +as well. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double strtod (const char *restrict @var{string}, char **restrict @var{tailptr}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@c Besides the unsafe-but-ruled-safe locale uses, this uses a lot of +@c mpn, but it's all safe. +@c +@c round_and_return +@c get_rounding_mode ok +@c mpn_add_1 ok +@c mpn_rshift ok +@c MPN_ZERO ok +@c MPN2FLOAT -> mpn_construct_(float|double|long_double) ok +@c str_to_mpn +@c mpn_mul_1 -> umul_ppmm ok +@c mpn_add_1 ok +@c mpn_lshift_1 -> mpn_lshift ok +@c STRTOF_INTERNAL +@c MPN_VAR ok +@c SET_MANTISSA ok +@c STRNCASECMP ok, wide and narrow +@c round_and_return ok +@c mpn_mul ok +@c mpn_addmul_1 ok +@c ... mpn_sub +@c mpn_lshift ok +@c udiv_qrnnd ok +@c count_leading_zeros ok +@c add_ssaaaa ok +@c sub_ddmmss ok +@c umul_ppmm ok +@c mpn_submul_1 ok +The @code{strtod} (``string-to-double'') function converts the initial +part of @var{string} to a floating-point number, which is returned as a +value of type @code{double}. + +This function attempts to decompose @var{string} as follows: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +A (possibly empty) sequence of whitespace characters. Which characters +are whitespace is determined by the @code{isspace} function +(@pxref{Classification of Characters}). These are discarded. + +@item +An optional plus or minus sign (@samp{+} or @samp{-}). + +@item A floating point number in decimal or hexadecimal format. The +decimal format is: +@itemize @minus + +@item +A nonempty sequence of digits optionally containing a decimal-point +character---normally @samp{.}, but it depends on the locale +(@pxref{General Numeric}). + +@item +An optional exponent part, consisting of a character @samp{e} or +@samp{E}, an optional sign, and a sequence of digits. + +@end itemize + +The hexadecimal format is as follows: +@itemize @minus + +@item +A 0x or 0X followed by a nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits +optionally containing a decimal-point character---normally @samp{.}, but +it depends on the locale (@pxref{General Numeric}). + +@item +An optional binary-exponent part, consisting of a character @samp{p} or +@samp{P}, an optional sign, and a sequence of digits. + +@end itemize + +@item +Any remaining characters in the string. If @var{tailptr} is not a null +pointer, a pointer to this tail of the string is stored in +@code{*@var{tailptr}}. +@end itemize + +If the string is empty, contains only whitespace, or does not contain an +initial substring that has the expected syntax for a floating-point +number, no conversion is performed. In this case, @code{strtod} returns +a value of zero and the value returned in @code{*@var{tailptr}} is the +value of @var{string}. + +In a locale other than the standard @code{"C"} or @code{"POSIX"} locales, +this function may recognize additional locale-dependent syntax. + +If the string has valid syntax for a floating-point number but the value +is outside the range of a @code{double}, @code{strtod} will signal +overflow or underflow as described in @ref{Math Error Reporting}. + +@code{strtod} recognizes four special input strings. The strings +@code{"inf"} and @code{"infinity"} are converted to @math{@infinity{}}, +or to the largest representable value if the floating-point format +doesn't support infinities. You can prepend a @code{"+"} or @code{"-"} +to specify the sign. Case is ignored when scanning these strings. + +The strings @code{"nan"} and @code{"nan(@var{chars@dots{}})"} are converted +to NaN. Again, case is ignored. If @var{chars@dots{}} are provided, they +are used in some unspecified fashion to select a particular +representation of NaN (there can be several). + +Since zero is a valid result as well as the value returned on error, you +should check for errors in the same way as for @code{strtol}, by +examining @var{errno} and @var{tailptr}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun float strtof (const char *@var{string}, char **@var{tailptr}) +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} strtold (const char *@var{string}, char **@var{tailptr}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +These functions are analogous to @code{strtod}, but return @code{float} +and @code{long double} values respectively. They report errors in the +same way as @code{strtod}. @code{strtof} can be substantially faster +than @code{strtod}, but has less precision; conversely, @code{strtold} +can be much slower but has more precision (on systems where @code{long +double} is a separate type). + +These functions have been GNU extensions and are new to @w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment wchar.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double wcstod (const wchar_t *restrict @var{string}, wchar_t **restrict @var{tailptr}) +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx float wcstof (const wchar_t *@var{string}, wchar_t **@var{tailptr}) +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefunx {long double} wcstold (const wchar_t *@var{string}, wchar_t **@var{tailptr}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{wcstod}, @code{wcstof}, and @code{wcstol} functions are +equivalent in nearly all aspect to the @code{strtod}, @code{strtof}, and +@code{strtold} functions but it handles wide character string. + +The @code{wcstod} function was introduced in @w{Amendment 1} of @w{ISO +C90}. The @code{wcstof} and @code{wcstold} functions were introduced in +@w{ISO C99}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO +@deftypefun double atof (const char *@var{string}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is similar to the @code{strtod} function, except that it +need not detect overflow and underflow errors. The @code{atof} function +is provided mostly for compatibility with existing code; using +@code{strtod} is more robust. +@end deftypefun + +@Theglibc{} also provides @samp{_l} versions of these functions, +which take an additional argument, the locale to use in conversion. + +See also @ref{Parsing of Integers}. + +@node Printing of Floats +@section Printing of Floats + +@pindex stdlib.h +The @samp{strfrom} functions are declared in @file{stdlib.h}. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment ISO/IEC TS 18661-1 +@deftypefun int strfromd (char *restrict @var{string}, size_t @var{size}, const char *restrict @var{format}, double @var{value}) +@deftypefunx int strfromf (char *restrict @var{string}, size_t @var{size}, const char *restrict @var{format}, float @var{value}) +@deftypefunx int strfroml (char *restrict @var{string}, size_t @var{size}, const char *restrict @var{format}, long double @var{value}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@asunsafe{@ascuheap{}}@acunsafe{@acsmem{}}} +@comment these functions depend on __printf_fp and __printf_fphex, which are +@comment AS-unsafe (ascuheap) and AC-unsafe (acsmem). +The functions @code{strfromd} (``string-from-double''), @code{strfromf} +(``string-from-float''), and @code{strfroml} (``string-from-long-double'') +convert the floating-point number @var{value} to a string of characters and +stores them into the area pointed to by @var{string}. The conversion +writes at most @var{size} characters and respects the format specified by +@var{format}. + +The format string must start with the character @samp{%}. An optional +precision follows, which starts with a period, @samp{.}, and may be +followed by a decimal integer, representing the precision. If a decimal +integer is not specified after the period, the precision is taken to be +zero. The character @samp{*} is not allowed. Finally, the format string +ends with one of the following conversion specifiers: @samp{a}, @samp{A}, +@samp{e}, @samp{E}, @samp{f}, @samp{F}, @samp{g} or @samp{G} (@pxref{Table +of Output Conversions}). Invalid format strings result in undefined +behavior. + +These functions return the number of characters that would have been +written to @var{string} had @var{size} been sufficiently large, not +counting the terminating null character. Thus, the null-terminated output +has been completely written if and only if the returned value is less than +@var{size}. + +These functions were introduced by ISO/IEC TS 18661-1. +@end deftypefun + +@node System V Number Conversion +@section Old-fashioned System V number-to-string functions + +The old @w{System V} C library provided three functions to convert +numbers to strings, with unusual and hard-to-use semantics. @Theglibc{} +also provides these functions and some natural extensions. + +These functions are only available in @theglibc{} and on systems descended +from AT&T Unix. Therefore, unless these functions do precisely what you +need, it is better to use @code{sprintf}, which is standard. + +All these functions are defined in @file{stdlib.h}. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment SVID, Unix98 +@deftypefun {char *} ecvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtunsafe{@mtasurace{:ecvt}}@asunsafe{}@acsafe{}} +The function @code{ecvt} converts the floating-point number @var{value} +to a string with at most @var{ndigit} decimal digits. The +returned string contains no decimal point or sign. The first digit of +the string is non-zero (unless @var{value} is actually zero) and the +last digit is rounded to nearest. @code{*@var{decpt}} is set to the +index in the string of the first digit after the decimal point. +@code{*@var{neg}} is set to a nonzero value if @var{value} is negative, +zero otherwise. + +If @var{ndigit} decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +@code{double} it is reduced to a system-specific value. + +The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by each call +to @code{ecvt}. + +If @var{value} is zero, it is implementation defined whether +@code{*@var{decpt}} is @code{0} or @code{1}. + +For example: @code{ecvt (12.3, 5, &d, &n)} returns @code{"12300"} +and sets @var{d} to @code{2} and @var{n} to @code{0}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment SVID, Unix98 +@deftypefun {char *} fcvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtunsafe{@mtasurace{:fcvt}}@asunsafe{@ascuheap{}}@acunsafe{@acsmem{}}} +The function @code{fcvt} is like @code{ecvt}, but @var{ndigit} specifies +the number of digits after the decimal point. If @var{ndigit} is less +than zero, @var{value} is rounded to the @math{@var{ndigit}+1}'th place to the +left of the decimal point. For example, if @var{ndigit} is @code{-1}, +@var{value} will be rounded to the nearest 10. If @var{ndigit} is +negative and larger than the number of digits to the left of the decimal +point in @var{value}, @var{value} will be rounded to one significant digit. + +If @var{ndigit} decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +@code{double} it is reduced to a system-specific value. + +The returned string is statically allocated and overwritten by each call +to @code{fcvt}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment SVID, Unix98 +@deftypefun {char *} gcvt (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, char *@var{buf}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +@c gcvt calls sprintf, that ultimately calls vfprintf, which malloc()s +@c args_value if it's too large, but gcvt never exercises this path. +@code{gcvt} is functionally equivalent to @samp{sprintf(buf, "%*g", +ndigit, value}. It is provided only for compatibility's sake. It +returns @var{buf}. + +If @var{ndigit} decimal digits would exceed the precision of a +@code{double} it is reduced to a system-specific value. +@end deftypefun + +As extensions, @theglibc{} provides versions of these three +functions that take @code{long double} arguments. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun {char *} qecvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtunsafe{@mtasurace{:qecvt}}@asunsafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is equivalent to @code{ecvt} except that it takes a +@code{long double} for the first parameter and that @var{ndigit} is +restricted by the precision of a @code{long double}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun {char *} qfcvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtunsafe{@mtasurace{:qfcvt}}@asunsafe{@ascuheap{}}@acunsafe{@acsmem{}}} +This function is equivalent to @code{fcvt} except that it +takes a @code{long double} for the first parameter and that @var{ndigit} is +restricted by the precision of a @code{long double}. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun {char *} qgcvt (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, char *@var{buf}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +This function is equivalent to @code{gcvt} except that it takes a +@code{long double} for the first parameter and that @var{ndigit} is +restricted by the precision of a @code{long double}. +@end deftypefun + + +@cindex gcvt_r +The @code{ecvt} and @code{fcvt} functions, and their @code{long double} +equivalents, all return a string located in a static buffer which is +overwritten by the next call to the function. @Theglibc{} +provides another set of extended functions which write the converted +string into a user-supplied buffer. These have the conventional +@code{_r} suffix. + +@code{gcvt_r} is not necessary, because @code{gcvt} already uses a +user-supplied buffer. + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int ecvt_r (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{ecvt_r} function is the same as @code{ecvt}, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +@var{buf}, with length @var{len}. The return value is @code{-1} in +case of an error and zero otherwise. + +This function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment SVID, Unix98 +@deftypefun int fcvt_r (double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{fcvt_r} function is the same as @code{fcvt}, except that it +places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +@var{buf}, with length @var{len}. The return value is @code{-1} in +case of an error and zero otherwise. + +This function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int qecvt_r (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{qecvt_r} function is the same as @code{qecvt}, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +@var{buf}, with length @var{len}. The return value is @code{-1} in +case of an error and zero otherwise. + +This function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun + +@comment stdlib.h +@comment GNU +@deftypefun int qfcvt_r (long double @var{value}, int @var{ndigit}, int *@var{decpt}, int *@var{neg}, char *@var{buf}, size_t @var{len}) +@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}} +The @code{qfcvt_r} function is the same as @code{qfcvt}, except +that it places its result into the user-specified buffer pointed to by +@var{buf}, with length @var{len}. The return value is @code{-1} in +case of an error and zero otherwise. + +This function is a GNU extension. +@end deftypefun |